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Background

The PopuList provides a list of European parties from 31 countries that can be classified as populist, far left, and/or far right. For the parties that belong to one of these categories, it also examines whether they are Eurosceptic. The most recent iteration of the database was launched in 2023 and includes all national elections from 1 January 1989 until 31 December 2022. The list has been thoroughly peer-reviewed by about 100 academics (see below). Note: parties voted into office before 1989 and falling under the threshold in subsequent elections have not been examined by the experts.

 The countries examined by The PopuList are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

The PopuList Team

The PopuList team consists of eight comparativists (all experts in the field of study) from across Europe:

Employed definitions

We employ the following definitions:

Consulted experts

Tarik Abou-Chadi, Koen Abts, Kathrin Ackermann, Alexandre Afonso, Julian Aichholzer, Tjitske Akkerman, Daniele Albertazzi, Kai Arzheimer, Paris Aslanidis, Daunis Auers, Ilze Balcere, Tim Bale, Eirikur Bergmann, Laurent Bernhard, Niklas Bolin, Lenka Bustikova, Paul Carls, Filipe Carreira da Silva, Elisabeth Carter, Neil Carter, Matteo Cavallaro, Giorgos Charalambous, Léonie de Jonge, Claes de Vreese, Kevin Deegan-Krause, Martin Eiermann, Sarah Engler, John Fitzgibbon, Zsolt Enyedi, Rob Ford, Pietro Castelli Gattinara, Vassiliki Georgiadou, Sergiu Gherghina, Raul Gomez, Matthew Goodwin, Marijana Grbesa, Petra Guasti, Isabelle Guinaudeau, Eelco Harteveld, Tim Haughton, Vlastimil Havlik, Reinhard Heinisch, Ivan Hrstic, Carlo Invernizzi-Accetti, Giles Ivaldi, Stuart J. Turnbull-Dugarte, Kristof Jacobs, Ann-Cathrin Jungar, Anders Jupskas, Mindaugas Jurkynas, Flemming Juul Christiansen, Petr Kaniok, Andres Kasekamp, Giorgos Katsambekis, Yannos Katsourides, Elina Kestilä, Alena Kluknavská, Péter Krekó, Algis Krupavicius, Roman Kuhar, Levi Littvay, Kirsti M. Jylhä, Luke March, Nonna Mayer, Oskar Mazzoleni, Duncan McDonnell, Susi Meret, Thomas Meyer, Michael Minkenberg, Benjamin Moffitt, Aurelien Mondon, Jonathan Olsen, Eoin O’Malley, Mojca Pajnik, Teun Pauwels, Maria Popova, Lorenzo Pregliasco, Bartek Pytlas, Luis Ramiro, Anders Ravik Jupskås, Marko Ribač, Saskia Ruth-Lovell, Jens Rydgren, Berto Salaj, Susana Salgado, Antonella Seddone, Allan Sikk, Sorina Soare, Peter Spác, Maria Spirova, Bram Spruyt, Ben Stanley, Yannis Stavrakakis, Paul Sum, Ivan Tranfić, Ólafur Þórður Harðarson, Hulda Þórisdóttir, Davide Vampa, Sofia Vasilopoulou, Gerrit Voerman, Christos Vrakopoulos, Markus Wagner, Annika Werner, Tuukka Ylä-Anttila, Andrej Zaslove, Mattia Zulianello.

References
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